The Somerset village of Dinder and its Church of St. Michael.

The sleepy Somerset village of Dinder lies tucked away in the southern foothills of the Mendips.  It is but a short drive off the road between Wells and Shepton Mallet, and this summer I took the opportunity to explore it.  Dinder does not appear to have changed much since members of The Women’s Institute described it 35 years ago.

The Somerset Village Book (Countryside Books, 1988) compiled by The Somerset Federation of Women’s Institutes provides this charming chronicle of the village.

“The little village of Dinder, with its 150 inhabitants, lies in the valley between Wells and Shepton Mallet.  It is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Denrenn, meaning ‘in a valley deep between high hills’ – an apt description because Doulting Water, or River Sheppey, rushes along one boundary, and the Mendip Hills rise steeply on either side.

It has been an agricultural village, and it is known that clothing was made here in the 18^th century when there was a leather mill.  An old forge provided services in the main street, in a house still bearing that name.  Along this street the river has been partially diverted to form a wide leat of running water in which the village people could dip their buckets, and this makes a picturesque foreground for a row of 16^th century gabled cottages and a former public house which still displays the sign of ‘The Dragon on the Wheel’, being the crest of the local squire.  Two farmhouses and the Victorian school building also overlook the water.”

I parked by the village hall at the western end of the village, and walked down to the Church of St. Michael.  The impressive lych-gate is dedicated to Ellen Somerville while inside the lych-gate is a commemorative plaque dedicated to Arthur Fownes Somerville who died on the 21^st November 1942 at the impressive age of 92.  I would find more memorials to members of the Somerville family both in the churchyard and inside the church.

The lych-gate at St. Michaels Church in the Somerset village of Dinder.

The commemorative plaque to Arthur Fownes Somerville.  Note the family crest of 'The Dragon on the Wheel'.

The approach to Dinder’s Church of St. Michael is beautifully described by Arthur Mee in his The King’s England – Somerset (Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1968).  He writes:

“We walk up the path to the church with its fine north wall across our view, crowned with a parapet from which friendly gargoyles look down at the top of slender buttresses.  Very dainty is the arcading in the battlements, and charming is the tower with its stair turret to the bells”.

The north wall of the Church of St. Michael in the Somerset village of Dinder.

To the left of the path is the family plot of the Somerville family which includes the grave of James Fownes Somerville, Admiral of the Fleet and Squire of Dinder, of whom I have written previously:

Views from Somerset: Admiral Sir James Somerville, commander of Force H, the squadron which crippled the Bismarck, at rest in a Somerset churchyard in the village of Dinder. (viewfromsomerset.blogspot.com)

 

On the north wall of the nave is a brass plaque commemorating William Charles Croom a 2^nd Lieutenant in the 6^th London Regiment who was killed in action at Messines Ridge on 17th June 1917 when aged 20.  He is also remembered on the Ypres (Menin Gate) Memorial in Belgium.

Another plaque on the north wall is “in ever grateful memory of the brave men of Dinder who fell in The Great War”.  It lists 6 names.  As well as Lt. William Croom it commemorates the following men:

Private Uriah James Clarke of the Queens Own Oxfordshire Hussars died on 23^rd March 1918.  He is also remembered on the Poziers Memorial north east of Albert.

Private Gilbert Drew of the 1^st Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry who died on the 1^st July 1917 aged 19.  He is at rest in a Commonwealth War Grave in the churchyard.

Private Francis Allen Keevil of “C” Company, 7^th Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry died on the 7^th August 1917.  He is remembered on the Ypres (Menin Gate) Memorial.  Aged 38, he was the son of Jabez Allen Keevil and Francis Augusta Keevil of Rose Cottage, Dinder.

Private William Robert McCullagh of the 1^st Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry died on 29^th March 1918.  He is remembered on the Arras Memorial.

The last name listed on the plaque is that of George Palmer.  There are 24 “George Palmers” recorded on the Commonwealth War Graves Commission website as having died in World War One.  Sadly, I cannot find among them anyone connected to Dinder or the County of Somerset.

Another brass plaque on the north wall of the nave is in memory of Lieutenant Colonel Harold Fownes Somerville DSO who served with The Rifle Brigade during the First World War and died aged 65 on the 19^th March 1946, and his son Lieutenant Mark Fownes Somerville DSC who was killed in action on 8^th May 1941 while serving aboard HMS ARK ROYAL.

Mark Somerville was a Fleet Air Arm observer in the Fulmar-equipped 808 Squadron flying from the aircraft carrier HMS ARK ROYAL.  He flew with the squadron’s commanding officer Lieutenant Commander Rupert Claude Tillard DSC.

The Fairey Fulmar was a two-seat fighter and reconnaissance aircraft powered by a single Rolls-Royce Merlin engine and armed with eight .303 machine guns mounted in the wings.  It was widely used by the Fleet Air Arm in the Mediterranean during the early years of World War Two.  The Fulmar was more than a match for any German and Italian bombers or reconnaissance aircraft it might encounter.  However, it struggled to cope with the enemy single seat fighters it came up against.  Tillard and Somerville destroyed six Italian aircraft while flying the Fulmar, a feat for which they were both awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.

On 6^th May 1941 ARK ROYAL left Gibraltar together with the battlecruiser HMS RENOWN, the light cruiser HMS SHEFFIELD and nine destroyers – the famous Force H – to escort a convoy of five ships with vital reinforcements for British forces in Egypt.  Force H’s mission was to take the convoy as far as Malta where ships of Admiral Cunningham’s Mediterranean Fleet would escort it eastward to the port of Alexandria.

The convoy was first attacked by Italian aircraft on the 8^th May.  808 Squadron attempted to intercept a number of torpedo-bombers, but the Fulmars were themselves attacked by Italian fighters.  One Fulmar was shot down, that of Lieutenant Commander Tillard and Lieutenant Somerville. Rupert Tillard’s body came ashore on the Tunisian Coast, and he was subsequently buried in the Commonwealth War Grave cemetery at Enfidaville.  Mark Somerville’s body was never found and he is remembered on the Fleet Air Arm Memorial at Lee-on-Solent as well as in St. Michael’s Church.

The deaths of the two airmen were not in vain as Force H delivered the convoy, without loss, into the protection of the Mediterranean Fleet.  One merchant ship was later sunk by a mine, but 238 tanks and 40 Hurricane fighters arrived safely in Alexandria on 12^th May.  Interestingly, Force H was commanded by Lt. Somerville’s uncle, Admiral Sir James Somerville.

By a remarkable twist of fate another Lieutenant Mark Somerville was killed while serving in the Royal Navy 183 years earlier. A plaque on the north wall of the tower of St. Michael’s begins:

“Sacred to the Memory of Mark Somerville Esq Lieutenant of His Majesty’s Ship The Rochester who unfortunately lost his Life in doing his Duty and exerting himself to save the Lives of his Gallant Countrymen when attacked by the Enemy in St. Cas Bay.  September 11^th 1758 in the 23 Year of his Age”

The plaque must refer to The Battle of St. Cast Bay which took place during The Seven Years War with France.  The war saw Britain launch a series of amphibious assaults against French ports and possessions around the world.  In 1758 a number of these assaults took place on the northern coast of France in order to destroy ports, divert French troops from Germany and stop the activities of French privateers.  The last of these attacks was against Cherbourg when the Royal Navy landed a force of around 10,000 troops and supporting arms.  The attack was initially a great success as the Port of Cherbourg, its docks and ships therein were destroyed and a large amount of war material also destroyed or seized. 

The British force moved on to attack Saint Malo, but found it too well defended and so moved west to St. Cast Bay where it would be embarked from the beaches.

Meanwhile, the French had gathered 9,000 soldiers and militiamen and marched in pursuit.  The bulk of the British force had been taken off the beaches when the French arrived.  Despite covering fire from the British ships in the bay the French overwhelmed the British rear-guard of 1,500 men.

HMS ROCHESTER was a 4^th rate ship of just over 1,000 tons and armed with 50 guns.  Reading between the lines of the plaque it could be assumed that Lieutenant Somerville was killed while attempting to embark men from the beach using ROCHESTER’S ship’s boats.

On the south wall of the nave is a plaque commemorating Pilot Officer Thomas Middlebrook Horsefall, RAFVR, whose aircraft crashed in the village on July 3^rd 1942.   Thomas Horsefall was flying an American Curtiss P40 Tomahawk single engine fighter from No. 41 Operational Training Unit, part of the School of Army Cooperation, based at Oatlands Hill, a satellite station of RAF Old Sarum in Wiltshire.  The P40 was not used by RAF Fighter Command or the USAAF in Northern Europe as its performance did not match that of the latest German fighters, but it was used extensively by British and American front-line squadrons in other theatres of war.

St. Michaels Church also contains some fine stained glass windows, and a highly and beautifully decorated stone pulpit dated 1621. 

Stained glass window in St. Michael's Church, Dinder, Somerset in memory of Emily Somerville "who entered into rest on New Year's Day 1900 aged 81.

The pulpit in the Church of St. Michael, Dinder, Somerset.

I walked back to the main street and took some more photos of this picturesque and peaceful Mendip village – so peaceful, in fact, that I never saw or met a soul during my visit!

The main street in the Somerset village of Dinder.

 

My thoughts on Will Iredale's 'The Pathfinders', a story of Bomber Command's No.8 Group in World War Two.

Just read The Pathfinders by Will Iredale (W. H. Allen, 2021).  It tells an all-round story of RAF Bomber Command’s No.8 Group during World War ll. The why, how, when, who and where are all meticulously researched. In addition the reader is given a sense of realism by excerpts from diaries and letters from those who were there, and their families. 

The Pathfinders C.O. Air Vice-Marshal Donald Bennett, and his crews, not only had to confront the German flak, nightfighters, and the weather, but also had to deal with sniping and obstruction from senior Bomber Command Officers, and even ‘Bomber’ Harris himself.

The book is an absorbing tribute to the crews, scientists and senior officers who made the war-winning success of No.8 Group, and Bomber Command, possible. 

It does for The Pathfinders what Iredale’s The Kamikaze Hunters (Macmillan, 2015), his previous work, does for the Fleet Air Arm squadrons serving with the British Pacific Fleet.  Both books make extensive use of eyewitness accounts which gives the reader the feel of being in the air, and the action, with them.

A stroll around the centre of Crewkerne in Somerset, and its Church of St. Bartholomew.

On a recent Spring afternoon I drove east along the A30 to the Somerset market town of Crewkerne.  I wanted to have a look at its Church of St. Bartholomew which is mentioned in Simon Jenkins’ England’s Thousand Best Churches (Penguin Books, 2000).  St. Bartholomew’s is one of Jenkins’ top one hundred churches.

I parked in the pay and display car park off West Street which is very convenient for the church and town centre, and inexpensive to boot.  Taking the direct route to the church I walked along the narrow, but interestingly named Oxen Road.  On reaching Church Street I walked up the wide steps to the church.

The Church of St. Bartholomew is very impressive, little wonder Jenkins awards it 4 stars out of 5!  Bryan Little in his Portrait of Somerset (Robert Hale - London, 1969) describes the church as “one of the county’s best” and having “a western façade of minsterlike quality, far surpassing those normally found outside abbeys and cathedrals”.

The Church of St. Bartholomew in Crewkerne, Somerset. The town's war memorial is to the right.

The "minsterlike" west front of the Church of St. Bartholomew in Crewkerne, South Somerset.

Crewkerne’s war memorial is in the churchyard, but although it appears well cared for some of the inscriptions are very difficult to read.  I managed to decipher the unusual, but fitting commemorative words from John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress: “SO HE PASSED OVER AND ALL THE TRUMPETS SOUNDED FOR HIM ON THE OTHER SIDE”.

A Blue Plaque on the western wall of the churchyard informs us that the building on the other side is a Victorian Tudor-style house “built in 1846 on the site of the ruins of one of Crewkerne’s three medieval clergy houses.  The south side incorporates an original fifteenth century window from the old house”.   

The Victorian Tudor-style house west of the Church of St. Bartholomew in Crewkerne, Somerset.

Leaving St. Bartholomew’s I strolled down Church Street to the Victoria Hall, part of which is the Town Hall.  It is freestanding on all sides and is in a Jacobean style, built around the turn of the twentieth century.  Prominent beside the entrance to the Town Hall is a stone tablet commemorating the visit of The Queen, accompanied by The Duke of Edinburgh, to Crewkerne on 2 May 2012 in her Diamond Jubilee Year.

The Town Hall, Crewkerne, South Somerset. 

Opposite the Town Hall is the George Hotel, mentioned by Pevsner.  The nearby Crooked Swan public house - its original name The Swan Inn still visible – displays its support for Ukraine in the ongoing war in Eastern Europe by flying that nation’s flag above its entrance.

The George Hotel - mentioned in Pevsner - Crewkerne, South Somerset.

The Crooked Swan, Crewkerne, Somerset.

In previous wars, in the days before steam, Crewkerne provided sailcloth for the Royal Navy.  Crewkerne’s prosperity was founded on weaving flax which was grown extensively in the surrounding area.  It specialised in sail cloth which was required in huge quantities for the Royal Navy, and also produced webbing for the British Army.  Lord Nelson and HMS VICTORY were carried to immortality at Trafalgar by canvas sails from Crewkerne. 

The town has another link to The Battle of Trafalgar in Thomas Masterman Hardy, Nelson’s Flag Captain and captain of VICTORY, who attended a long gone grammar school north of St. Bartholomew’s Church.

I walked along busy Market Street and back up West Street, where, before returning to my car, I spotted a picturesque terrace of almshouses.  The stone plaque on its wall read “ALMSHOUSES ERECTED IN THE YEAR OF THE DIAMOND JUBILEE OF HER MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA OUT OF A PORTION OF THE FUNDS GENEROUSLY BEQUEATHED TO ASSIST THE AGED POOR BY THE LATE GEORGE SLADE JOLLIFFE.  SURGEON.  CREWKERNE.”  Perhaps another indication of the town’s prosperous past? 

Almshouses in Crewkerne South Somerset.

My thoughts on Peter Hitchens' "The Phoney Victory - The World War Two Illusion".

Peter Hitchens’ The Phoney Victory – The World War Two Illusion (I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 2018) is an extremely thought provoking read which argues that Great Britain did not have much of a victory in WW2.  By the end of hostilities this country was broke, the Empire unsustainable, and the Poles - for whom we went to war - were left under Soviet communist rule and were not even allowed to participate in any victory parades.

He also exposes the harsh reality of Churchill’s romantic idea of the “special relationship” with the USA.  Churchill’s flawed decision making and his manipulation of events come under scrutiny as well.

The book chapter by chapter.

Ch.1. The British Guarantee to Poland of March 1939.

Mr Hitchens argues that there were some in the British political establishment who wanted war with Germany at all costs.  He suggests that one of the reasons was to prove Britain’s standing as a “great power”, another was that “something must be done” to stop German expansion.

The British guarantee to Poland was a pretext for war with Germany, and Germany alone.  It excluded coming to Poland’s aid if attacked by Russia.

Ch.2 Plucky little Poland.

Hitchens points out that Poland was not a paragon of democratic virtue.  It was governed by a military dictatorship and was passively anti-Semitic.  Furthermore, after Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany, parts of that stricken country were seized by Poland, with Hitler’s approval.

 Ch.3 Appeasement and Pacifism . . . or “The Left has its Cake and Eats it.”

In the late 1930s Tory Prime Ministers Baldwin and Chamberlain had begun building up the RAF and RN for defence, but the British economy could not support the spending required for a large “continental army”.  Labour and the Left opposed such defensive rearmament, but hypocritically campaigned against appeasement.

Ch. 4 The war we could not afford.

With British rearmament under way the government sought to buy armaments from the USA, but the USA refused to give any loans or credit as Britain, and indeed France, had reneged on debts owed to the USA following WW1.   Consequently, American politicians would only allow the sale of supplies and war materials on a cash and carry basis.  By January 1941, after only 16 months of war, Britain had run out of cash!

Ch.5 America First.

Of the British belief that they have with the USA some sort of “benevolent and sweet-natured ‘special relationship’”, Hitchens has this to say: “Not only is there no such thing, there is a case for saying that the USA has often singled this country out for exceptionally harsh treatment”.

Twice in the book he tells us that in 1919 Woodrow Wilson warned the British to stop imagining Americans were their cousins, or even Anglo-Saxons.

As in the twentieth century the USA became evermore economically powerful it grew increasingly resentful of British naval supremacy, and had absolutely no intention of going to war to protect or save the British Empire.  In fact, I would point out that Theodore Roosevelt once advocated seizing Canada, a British Dominion, by force.

Hitchens also notes that: “If Hitler had not voluntarily declared war on the USA after Pearl Harbour, it is far from certain that America would ever have become directly involved in the European War”.  I have heard similar comments from American historians and commentators in Ken Burns’ documentary The Roosevelts – An Intimate History, and Jeremy Isaacs’ The World at War.

Ch.6 The Invasion That Never Was.

Hitchens suggests that both Hitler and Churchill did not take an invasion of Britain seriously.  As Hitchens states: “The idea of an invasion, never a reality, suited both men at the time.  For Hitler it was a way of persuading a battered, unhappy British population to press their leaders to give in.  For Churchill, more successfully, it was a way to raise morale, production and military effectiveness by creating a constant atmosphere of tension and danger”.

Mr Hitchens informs us that as early as 12 July 1940 Jock Colville, Churchill’s private secretary, overheard Churchill in conversation with leading British generals stating that he doubted whether invasion was a serious menace, but intended to give the opposite impression.

After naval losses in the Norwegian Campaign, the Germans did not have, if they ever did, enough cruisers and destroyers to protect an invasion on a narrow front, let alone a broad front.  On 7 August 1940, before the Battle of Britain began in earnest, General Franz Halder expostulated, according to Hitchens: “I regard their (his naval counterparts) proposal as complete suicide. I might just as well put those troops that have been landed straight through a sausage machine.”

Hitchens also points to the decision taken, while the Battle of Britain was at its height, to despatch tanks and Hurricanes to the Middle East!

Ch.7  In Peril on the Sea.

This chapter is centred on the meeting between Churchill and Roosevelt in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland.  Mr Hitchens seems unimpressed by its outcome.  Be that as it may, he ‘sails’ off all over the world to opine on Atlantic Convoys, British Mediterranean strategy, convoying supplies of British military hardware to Russia, the defence of Singapore and Malaya, and British obligations to Australia and New Zealand.

Hitchens appears to support A. J. P. Taylor (The Second World War and its Aftermath) who submits both that Britain should have abandoned the Mediterranean when Italy entered the war, and the attempt to build a strategic bomber force.  Mr Hitchens suggests that the resources saved should have been used to protect Atlantic Convoys and confront Japanese expansion in the Far East.  Such policies would have resulted in Britain not being engaged with German land forces anywhere or being able to attack Germany itself from the air.  In such circumstances I question whether there was any point in being at war with Germany at all.

Hitchens quotes A. J. P. Taylor’s opinion that in 1941 Crete was lost for the lack of three fighter squadrons.  He also points out that the defence of Singapore and Malaya would have been transformed if the 676 fighters and 446 tanks sent by Churchill to Russia in 1941 had gone there instead.  They are correct.

However, I would point out that there were even more fighter aircraft available in 1941 than Hitchens and Taylor were aware of.  From the start of 1941 hundreds of Spitfires and Hurricanes from Fighter Command were being sent almost daily on fruitless operations over northern France in an ineffective attempt to divert Luftwaffe fighter groups from The East.  In the course of that year over 462 British fighter pilots were lost – more than in the Battle of Britain.*  I suggest those pilots and aircraft would have been of very much more use in Crete, the wider Mediterranean area, and the Far East.

*Denis Richards, Royal Air Force 1939-1945 Vol 1, The Fight at Odds (HMSO 1953).

Ch.8 Gomorrah.

The title of this chapter was the code name for RAF Bomber Command’s attack on Hamburg in the summer of 1943.  Hitchens believes the policy of carrying out such attacks on cities was immoral and ineffective.   However, he attaches no blame to the bomber crews themselves and his verdict on their chief, Sir Arthur Harris, is very fair, as this extensive quote from the book reveals:

“Not long after Dunkirk, the language of British leaders began to take on a rather fearsome tone.  Winston Churchill speculated in a letter of 8 July 1940 to his friend and Minister of Aircraft Production, the press magnate Lord (Max) Beaverbrook, that an ‘absolutely devastating, exterminating attack by very heavy bombers from this country upon the Nazi homeland’ would help bring Hitler down.  Arthur Harris, later the chief of RAF Bomber Command, realised the significance of these extraordinary words.  Perhaps not wholly trusting politicians to defend the actions they had ordered if they later became unpopular or not respectable (as they did), he kept a copy of the letter.

Harris commendably refused a peerage in 1946 because postwar sensitivity had denied his bomber crews a campaign medal.  Harris, though an unattractive man, emerges from this with some integrity.  When a man of his sort was needed to pursue a bloody form of warfare without hesitation, he was welcomed in the councils of the great and treated with courtesy.  When, later, a startled and chastened world understood what he had actually done, he was urged to leave by the tradesmen’s entrance.  He made it very clear that he knew what was happening, and despised those who had once fawned on him and now dismissed him.  They had given him his mandate.  As far as he was concerned, they bore the ultimate responsibility.”

I would argue that Bomber Command’s campaign was far from ineffective.   Albert Speer, the Minister of Armaments and War Production, when interviewed on Jeremy Isaacs’ The World at War said that another six raids on German cities such as that carried out on Hamburg would have ended the war.  He also considered that from 1943 the bombing of Germany was, in effect, a “second front”.

Furthermore, Adam Tooze in his The Wages of Destruction – The Making and Breaking of The Nazi Economy (Penguin Books, 2007) writes of speeches made by Speer in the autumn of 1943:

“Speer reminded his audience of his triumphant address to the Sportspalast only a few months earlier, at which he had promised increases in armaments production of 15 – 20 per cent per month.  The RAF’s sustained attack on the Ruhr had put paid to that.  ‘Since the beginning of the air attacks,’ Speer explained, ‘we have it is sure, had a slow rise in production but only 3 to 5 per cent monthly.  That is absolutely insufficient’.  In fact, Speer was over-optimistic.  The monthly index of armaments showed no consistent increase whatsoever in the second half of 1943.”

Ch.9 Orderly and Humane.

This chapter deals with the ‘ethnic cleansing’ of Germans from large parts of central Europe after the ‘Good War’.

My concluding thoughts.

Peter Hitchens suggests in The Phoney Victory that Britain entered World War Two at the wrong time for the wrong reason with insufficient finances and inadequate military resources, and then fought the war with a highly dubious strategy only to end bankrupt with the Empire disintegrating, and a ‘pensioner’ of the USA.  After such a devastating analysis, I find it surprising, to put it mildly, that he thinks Winston Churchill was correct in continuing the war in 1940!

There should be an HMS Duke of Edinburgh!

I had the letter below published in the Western Daily Press on June 3.

Name frigate after Duke of Edinburgh.

The Royal Navy’s new Type 31 frigates will be known as the Inspiration Class.

The Duke of Edinburgh was an inspiration in peace and war. I suggest it would be especially appropriate to name one of these vessels after him.

Steve Wright, Somerset.

I was flattered to see that my letter brought forth this interesting response from Chris Cope, published in the Western Daily Press on June 8.

Navy has already chosen frigate names.

Whereas I agree with Steve Wright (June 3) that one of the type 31 frigates should be named after Prince Philip, unfortunately, the Navy has already selected the names, which have been approved by the Queen.

And apart from the last two, a very uninspiring selection of names they are: Active, Venturer, Cambeltown, Bulldog and Formidable.

However, seeing that these £400million frigates will be lightly armed – not much reassurance if you are serving on board and find you have been despatched to the Persian Gulf – even Bulldog and Formidable hardly seem appropriate.  As for HMS Duke of Edinburgh, the 7 type 26 frigate will be HMS Edinburgh.

Chris Cope, Political Correspondent, Warship World Magazine.

 

I did know that the type 31 frigates had already been named, and that a type 26 frigate is to be named HMS Edinburgh, but it is not unknown for the RN to change the name of a ship before, and sometimes after, launch.

Be that as it may, Mr Cope’s comments on their names and designed armament are interesting – and illuminating!

Incidentally, both these letters were also published in the Western Morning News.

A view of the defence policies of the English Democrats Party.

I reproduce below, copied from the party's website, the defence policies of the English Democrats Party - I hope they don't mind!

All of them are very general and easy to agree with, but the one policy which does catch the eye  advocates the reintroduction of dedicated military hospitals, an eminently sensible idea!

English Democrats Party Defence policy.

3.13 Defence

3.13.1 The English Democrats supports continued membership of NATO as a strictly defensive alliance which does not interfere in the internal affairs of its member states.

3.13.2 Our armed forces should enjoy the highest standards of training and equipment. Their primary role should be as a fighting force. The resources devoted to them should match the commitments they are expected to fulfil.  The main purpose of our armed forces should be to protect our country and the interests of its people.

3.13.4 The English Democrats are opposed to the use of our forces in operations where they are in effect serving as mercenaries of a foreign state.

3.13.5 Members of the armed services who suffer injury in the service of their country should be quickly and properly cared for and compensated. The abolition of the military hospitals was irresponsible and will be reversed. An independent veteran's association should be created to provide better care for, and help with re-settlement of, ex-service personnel into civilian society.

3.13.6 We would retain a nuclear deterrent but explore other means for providing an effective strategic defence.

A view of the defence policies of the Social Democrats Party.

I reproduce below the defence policy pledges of the SDP taken from the Party's website - I hope they don't mind!  

The aim of enlarging the size of the Army and the Navy's surface fleet is especially to my liking - "quantity has a quality all its own" as someone once said!  Be that as it may, support for yet another "rebirth" of the Fleet Air Arm would be welcome.  I believe the country should return to its traditional policy of having a strong navy to protect its merchant shipping routes while avoiding at all costs entangling the Army in overseas expeditions. 

It is surprising that no mention is made of the RAF, but in future I would hope to see priority given to purchasing aircraft which were suitable for seaborne operations. In such circumstances RAF and Fleet Air Arm squadrons would have the flexibility and interchangeability to operate from land or sea as required.

All the policies advocated below are eminently sensible and should appeal to patriotic centrist voters.

POLICY PLEDGES:

• Maintain Britain’s membership of NATO and observe the NATO target of spending a minimum of 2% of GDP on defence.
• Maintain the independence of the British Military and resist any attempt to absorb it into a European Army.
• In keeping with our membership of the UN Security Council, Britain shall play a full part in fully authorised UN peacekeeping missions.
• Maintain and update Britain’s nuclear defence capabilities – essential in a world where unstable regimes have, or are, developing a nuclear capability.
• The size of the British Army will be increased and recruitment shall be put back under Army control.
• Complete the Carrier programme and related air/naval investment to make and keep HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales fully operational.  Aircraft carriers will form an integral part of our ability to protect our Overseas Territories. A larger surface fleet is also necessary to protect the Carriers.
• Learn from the mistakes of recent decades in relation to UK involvement in foreign wars.  Future decisions on defence spending will focus primarily on the defence of British territory.
• Increase spending on Intelligence to combat terrorism and cyber-warfare as a proportion of the overall defence budget and commit to the UK’s continued participation in the ‘five eyes’ security system.
• Build the UK’s own Satellite Navigation system with trusted partners such as Canada and Australia.
• Offer a significantly enhanced deal for our veterans.  Increase housing priority, dedicated medical services, and reduce employers’ National Insurance for employment in the first two years after leaving the armed service, giving businesses a clear incentive to employ veterans.

The loss of the armoured cruiser HMS GOOD HOPE at the Battle of Coronel. One of her crew is remembered in the village of Broadway, South Somerset.

As soon as war began in August 1914 Vice-Admiral Graf Von Spee’s Asiatic Cruiser Squadron, based in Tsingtau, about one hundred miles north of Shanghai, commenced a campaign of commerce raiding against British merchant shipping across the Pacific.  Von Spee’s squadron was built around two powerful modern armoured cruisers, SCHARNHORST and GNEISENAU, each armed with eight 8.2 inch and six 5.9 inch guns.

The Admiralty gave the task of intercepting the German commerce raiders to Rear Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock’s squadron which consisted of the old battleship HMS CANOPUS and the armoured cruisers HMS GOOD HOPE and HMS MONMOUTH, together with the light cruiser HMS GLASGOW and the armed liner HMS OTRANTO.

Cradock left The Falkland Islands in GOOD HOPE on the 22 October and sailed into the Pacific aiming to rendezvous with the rest of his squadron off the west coast of South America.  However, he left CANOPUS behind as she was suffering from engine problems.

On November 1^st 1914 Cradock’s squadron came upon Von Spee’s ships off the Chilean port of Coronel.  Cradock ordered the lightly armed OTRANTO to clear the area leaving GOOD HOPE, MONMOUTH and GLASGOW to engage Von-Spee’s two armoured cruisers and their accompanying light cruisers DRESDEN and LEIPZIG.  The two forces were not evenly matched.  The British ships mounted a total of four 9.2 inch, thirty two 6 inch and ten 4 inch guns compared to the German’s sixteen 8.2 inch, twelve 5.9 inch and twenty 4.1 inch guns.

Three hours after forming line of battle the action was over.  GOOD HOPE and MONMOUTH were overwhelmed and sunk with all hands; Cradock and 1600 men were lost.  GLASGOW escaped to fight Von Spee another day at the Battle of The Falklands.

One of those lost with GOOD HOPE was Able Seaman George Mattravers Stoker 1^st Class, the son of John and Eliza Mattravers of Broadway in South Somerset, he was aged 31.

Able Seaman Mattravers is remembered on a commemorative plaque in Broadway’s Church of St. Aldhelm and St. Eadburga, and on the village’s war memorial.  His name is also on the Portsmouth Naval Memorial.

The plaque inside the Church of St. Aldhelm and St. Eadburga at Broadway in South Somerset commemorating those who served 

Note.  The Commonwealth War Graves Commission spells Mattravers as Matravers.  I use the spelling Mattravers as it is used in Broadway’s village church and on its war memorial.  

Epitaphs of interest. At rest in the Churchyard of Christ Church, Redhill, North Somerset is C.T.D. "Sox" Hosegood FRAeS.

 The epitaph on his gravestone includes the description “A good egg”.

Charles Thomas Dennehy “Sox” Hosegood FRAeS is best remembered for his career in aviation.  He joined the Royal Navy just after the outbreak of World War Two and gained his Fleet Air Arm wings in July 1940.  Late in the war he was one of the first six Naval Pilots sent to America to convert to helicopters on the Sikorsky R4.  In March 1945 Hosegood became the Navy test pilot at the Joint Service Helicopter Test Unit of the Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment (AFEE) at Beulieu.  He left the Navy in November 1946.

In 1952 Hosegood became Chief Test Pilot of the Bristol Aeroplane Company’s Helicopter Division.  He worked on the Bristol Sycamore, the first British helicopter to gain its Certificate of Airworthiness.  He made the initial flights of the Bristol Belvedere and saw it into service with the RAF.

After Westland took over Bristol’s Helicopter Division in 1963 Hosegood joined the South Western Electricity Board to set up their Helicopter Unit for power line inspection duties.  He managed the Helicopter Unit for 20 years up to his retirement by which time it had expanded to cover power line inspections for 4 neighbouring Boards.

He is buried in the churchyard of Christ Church in the village of Redhill, North Somerset.

Source:

https://www.aerosociety.com/news/obituary-charles-thomas-dennehy-sox-hosegood/

"The Great Armada Myth" proclaims BBC History Magazine. Was the Spanish Fleet hit by a Kamikaze?

In 1274 a Mongol invasion fleet heading for Japan was dispersed by a major typhoon which the Japanese later gave the name Kamikaze, or Divine Wind.

Just over 300 years later, in 1588, another invasion fleet, this time the Spanish Armada attempting an invasion of England, also fell foul of the weather.

Lucy Worsley writing in BBC History Magazine (The Great Armada Myth, February 2020) informs us that the Spanish invasion fleet “. . . faced disease, rotting provisions and bad weather.”, before it even reached the English Channel.  When the Armada eventually reached France and was anchored awaiting further invasion troops it was attacked by English fireships. The Spanish panicked and sailed for the North Sea.

Ms Worsley tells us: “. . . what was left of the Armada was on its way home, running up around Scotland and Ireland to get back to Spain.  And there, in the north, the death knell was dealt to Spanish plans: not by Drake, Elizabeth l or brave English sailors – but by bad weather.”

So it seems it was not the ships of Francis Drake, John Hawkins, or Martin Frobisher that did for the dastardly Spanish and their Armada, but a hit by a Kamikaze!

Incidentally, BBC History Magazine has previous form with regard to debunking English naval victories.  In the August 2019 edition the cover has the headline Trafalgar – A Futile Victory?  And it is subtitled Why Nelson’s triumph didn’t turn the tide on Napoleon.  The article featured, by Sam Willis, is entitled Trafalgar: An overrated victory?  Mr Willis asks if the claim that Trafalgar was Royal Navy’s greatest triumph stands up to scrutiny.  More on this in a future blogpost!

The Social Democratic Party, seemingly a patriotic party with a social conscience believing in a nation-state independent of the EU.

I just came across the Social Democratic Party website and had a look at their policy pages.  Among the policies listed the call for an English Parliament caught my eye.  On the same “Constitution” page was advocated the abolition of the House of Lords, proportional representation and a statement saying “No public sector employee should be paid more than the Prime Minister”.  Any English patriot should be delighted with such policies!


Reading further I was delighted to find that on animal welfare the SDP calls for a ban on non-stun slaughter “as requested by the British Veterinary Association and the RSPCA”.


The SDP advocate a cap on net AND gross immigration while current arbitrary spending on Foreign Aid would be scrapped - a common sense approach to both issues.


On land the railways would be re-nationalised and funding for regional and rural bus travel would be increased.  Meanwhile at sea the Royal Navy’s aircraft carriers appear to have top priority with regard to defence spending.


The Social Democratic Party seem to me to be a patriotic community-centric party with a social conscience which believes not in nationalism, but nationhood with the nation state being independent of the European Union.


I will seriously consider voting for them if given the chance, and if I was not too old I might even be tempted to join them!

Conservative Government Minister suggests it is impossible to escort every vessel through the Straits of Hormuz after British flagged vessel is seized by Iran.

Tobias Ellwood, an Under Secretary of State at the Ministry of Defence, suggested on Sky News today that it is impossible to protect from Iran every individual British merchant ship which passes through the Straits of Hormuz.

My first thought was to wonder if he had ever heard of the Convoy system, my second was to wonder if Mr Ellwood regrets Conservative Government defence cuts which have resulted in the Royal Navy having only 19 frigates and destroyers. 

Who could not agree with the views of Lord West, the former lst Sea Lord, who was reported in The Telegraph as saying it had been “foolhardy” and “unacceptable” for UK shipping to transit the area without a Royal Navy escort?

The Telegraph reported Lord West, the former 1st Sea Lord, as saying it had been “foolhardy” and “unacceptable”, for UK shipping to transit the area without a Royal Navy escort.  He also said:

“We have to run convoys of merchant ships with a Navy escort so we can look after them. It was very stupid of us to allow a merchant ship to go through those waters before HMS Montrose was close enough to look after her.

As soon as we seized Grace 1 we should have been aware the Iranians would retaliate. We should have instituted protection measures for the control of merchant shipping and said to the Stena Impero to wait in port until we could escort you through the Straits with one or two warships.”

The following timely and highly pertinent letter, first published in The Daily Telegraph, appeared in The Week (July 20), before the Stene Impero incident took place.  If anyone in the Ministry of Defence or Foreign Office read it they obviously took no heed.

Navy blues,

To The Daily Telegraph

Jeremy Hunt is right to say that the Royal Navy needs to be expanded to meet today’s threats.

In 1987, an Iranian warship fired five Sea Killer missiles at a Shell tanker.  Fortunately, they all missed.  The next day, Mr Hunt’s father, the commander in chief, directed that three destroyers and frigates be permanently on station and all British ships be accompanied through the danger area.  We had 55 destroyers and frigates then.  Today we have just 19.

Vice Admiral John McAnally, national president, Royal Naval Association.

St. Mary's Church in Ilminster, South Somerset, flying the flag for Armed Forces Day.

The Church of St. Mary, known as The Minster, in the ancient market town of Ilminster, South Somerset, flying the flag for Armed Forces Day.

St. Mary's Church in Ilminster, South Somerset, flying the flag for Armed Forces Day.

Built of Ham stone and standing on a slope in the centre of the town, it dates from the fifteenth century.  Rather surprisingly this fine looking church only receives 3 stars in Simon Jenkins’ England’s Thousand Best Churches (Penguin Books, 2009).  However, Pevsner describes it as: ". . . impressive, large, and consistently designed . . .".

Admiral Sir James Somerville, commander of Force H, the squadron which crippled the Bismarck, at rest in a Somerset churchyard in the village of Dinder.

In the shadow of Somerset’s Mendip Hills, just north of the A371 between Wells and Shepton Mallet, is the little village of Dinder.  Within the village is Dinder House, formerly a manor house dating from the twelfth century, rebuilt by the Somervilles in 1801.  It remained their family home up until the death of Admiral of the Fleet Sir James Somerville on this day in 1949.   

Sir James Fownes Somerville was born in Weybridge, Surrey, on 17 July 1882, the second son of Arthur Fownes Somerville of Dinder and his wife Ellen, daughter of William Stanley Sharland, of North Norfolk, Tasmania.  The Somervilles were related to that great naval family, the Hoods.

Somerville joined the RN in 1897 and became a lieutenant in 1904. He qualified in the vital new field of wireless telegraphy in 1907.

He was fleet wireless officer during the Gallipoli campaign where his outstanding work in ship to shore communications brought him the award of the DSO.

In 1921 Somerville was promoted to captain and commanded the battleships HMS BENBOW, HMS BARHAM and HMS WARSPITE.  Following the mutiny by seamen in ships of the Atlantic Fleet at Invergordon on 15 and 16 September 1931, Somerville and Captain James Tovey, another future admiral, undertook an enquiry to establish its causes.   

During the Spanish Civil War Somerville spent two years as senior British naval officer off the Spanish Mediterranean Coast.  In 1937 he was promoted to vice-admiral and subsequently became Commander-in-Chief East Indies in October 1938.  However, in July 1939 he was forced to retire with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis, a diagnosis he contested.

The outbreak of World War Two soon saw Somerville back in the service of his country.  After overseeing the development of naval radar and its rapid installation aboard ships he gave valuable assistance to Admiral Ramsay who oversaw the Dunkirk Evacuation.

After the defeat of France Somerville took command of Force H, a squadron based at Gibraltar to act as gatekeeper to the Mediterranean and operate in the Central Atlantic as necessary.  He then commanded what was, in my opinion, one of the most inglorious and mistaken actions ever undertaken by the Royal Navy.   Somerville was tasked with arranging, either by negotiation or force, the demobilisation of major units of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir near Oran in French Algeria.  When talks failed Somerville, with the insistence of Churchill, ordered his ships to open fire on the anchored French warships.  The bombardment resulted in the deaths of 1,297 French servicemen, the sinking of one capital ship and heavy damage to another.  Somerville himself described it as a “filthy job”.

Many senior officers in the Royal Navy thought at the time, and after the war, that the order from Churchill and the War Cabinet to open fire on erstwhile allies was wrong.  Stephen Roskill in his Churchill and the Admirals (Pen & Sword Books Ltd. 2013) writes:  

“While working on my war history I had many interviews and much correspondence with Cunningham, Somerville and North, the three admirals concerned in the attack on Oran and related plans.  None of them ever budged from the view that, given more time for negotiation, the tragedy could have been averted.  On 9 January 1950 Cunningham wrote to Admiral Lord Fraser, then First Sea Lord, that 90 per cent of senior naval officers, including myself, thought Oran a ghastly error and still do.”

In May 1941 Force H was called on to help the Home Fleet in the hunt for the BISMARCK.  Somerville’s masterly handling of his squadron led to HMS ARK ROYAL’s Swordfish aircraft crippling the BISMARCK with torpedoes thus allowing Admiral Sir John Tovey’s battleships to catch and sink her.

In 1940 and 1941 Somerville’s ships regularly and successfully supported vital convoys to Malta, but after flying off reinforcements of aircraft to that besieged island HMS ARK ROYAL was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine  U81 on 13 November 1941.

Following Japan’s entry into the war Somerville was sent to the Far East in February 1942 to command a reformed Eastern Fleet.  Many of his ships were obsolete and his fleet was in no condition to confront the powerful Japanese carrier group which forayed into the Indian Ocean in the spring of 1942.  All Somerville could do was to retreat out of range of the Japanese until they withdrew to the Pacific for their next confrontation with the American Navy.

It was not until the spring of 1944 that Somerville was able to undertake offensive operations.  By this time his fleet had been reinforced by more modern units including the aircraft carrier HMS ILLUSTRIOUS and, operating alongside the American carrier USS SARATOGA, air strikes were launched against Japanese oil installations on Sumatra and Java.

In August 1944 Somerville left the Eastern Fleet to take up the post of Head of the British Admiralty delegation in Washington, a position he held from October 1944 to December 1945.  He made a great success of this mission and even became friends with the blunt and short-tempered Admiral Ernest J. King, the anglophobic American chief of naval operations.

On leaving the Royal Navy in 1946 he retired to Dinder House becoming Lord Lieutenant of Somerset.  He died in Dinder on 19 March 1949 of a coronary thrombosis and is buried there in the village churchyard of St. Michael and All Angels.   His wife Mary, whom he married in January 1913, predeceased him in August 1945.

Sources.

Churchill and the Admirals, Stephen Roskill (Pen & Sword Books Ltd. 2013)

Oxford Dictionary of National Biographies.

https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/36191

Marshal of the Royal Air Force Hugh Montague Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard. Commemorated in London and Taunton.

Hugh Montague Trenchard was born in Taunton, Somerset in 1873.  This month saw the anniversary of his birth on February 3 and that of his death on February 10.  

A poor and unenthusiastic student, he eventually joined the Army in 1893 after having failed the entrance papers for the Royal Navy.

Served in the Boer War in 1900.  He was critically wounded and lost a lung.  Eventually he recovered from his wounds and returned to South Africa in 1901.  His talents came to the attention of Kitchener and other senior officers.

Trenchard learnt to fly before the outbreak of World War I.  He commanded flying units on the Western Front and rose to command the Royal Flying Corps in France.  Trenchard strongly supported constant offensive tactics although they led to very high aircrew casualties.

In 1918 Trenchard was appointed Chief of the Air Staff and so became the first head of the RAF, a new service resulting from the merger of the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service.  He spent the next 10 years building the solid foundations and institutions required to form a powerful future air force.

Between 1931 and 1935 he was a reforming Commissioner of Metropolitan Police, but after he left office his more controversial plans were dropped.

He spoke powerfully on air matters before and during WWII and was a strong and enthusiastic advocate of strategic bombing.

Known as “The Father of the Royal Air Force” Trenchard died in 1956.  He is commemorated by a statue in Embankment Garden outside the Ministry of Defence in London and a plaque marks his birthplace in Taunton.  He is also commemorated on Trenchard Way in Taunton.

The loss of the minelayer HMS ABDIEL at Taranto. One of her officers is remembered at the Church of St.Michael and All Angels in the village of Rowberrow, Somerset.

South of Churchill on the A38 in Somerset is a narrow lane leading to Rowberrow, one of those Mendip villages once involved in the mining of calamite.  I first explored the lane around ten years ago; this month I decided to have another look.   Just a few hundred yards from the A38, holding fast to the top of a precipitous hill, is the parish church and manor house.  In the churchyard of the Church of St. Michael and All Angels there is a war memorial in the form of a cross with a bronze long sword attached to its west face.  It commemorates the men of the Somerset Light Infantry who died in the First World War and names Captain R.J.R. Leacroft, of Rowberrow Manor, who was killed serving with the regiment on the first day of the Battle of The Somme.

The war memorial in the churchyard at the Church of St. Michael and All Angels, Rowberrow in Somerset.

Another name was added to the memorial after the Second World War, that of Lieutenant Commander (E) Anthony Holland Brown who was killed on the 10 September 1943 while aboard the minelayer HMS ABDIEL.  This year saw the 75th anniversary of that warship’s loss in Taranto Harbour.

ABDIEL, completed in April 1941, was the first of a class of 6 minelayers.  They were of 2,650 tons displacement with a speed of almost 40 knots, a crew of 242, carried 156 mines and an armament of 4inch AA guns in 3 twin mountings.  Due to their very high speed the ships of the class were often used to run supplies to the besieged island of Malta.     

On September 10 1943 ABDIEL was sunk by mines in Taranto Harbour while taking part in Operation Slapstick.  Because of a shortage of aircraft the plan involved Royal Navy ships landing British troops of the First Airborne Division to capture the Italian ports of Taranto and Brindisi.  Only hours after berthing in Taranto ABDIEL detonated two mines laid previously by German torpedo boats as they evacuated the harbour.  The ship, which sank in 3 minutes, was carrying men from the 6th (Royal Welch) Parachute Battalion.   The Battalion suffered 58 men killed and 150 wounded while Lt. Cdr. Brown was among the 48 of ABDIEL’S crew who were lost.    

Operation Slapstick was ultimately successful as the First Airborne Division captured the ports of Taranto and Brindisi in working order.

Lt. Cdr. (E) Anthony Holland Brown was 40 years old and the husband of Jessie Elizabeth Brown B.A. (Cantab.) of Rowberrow, Somerset.  He is remembered on the Plymouth Naval Memorial as well as at the Church of St. Michael and All Angels.

The Church of St. Michael and All Angels, Rowberrow in Somerset.